<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Infocommunications and Radio Technologies</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Infocommunications and Radio Technologies</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>ИНФОКОММУНИКАЦИОННЫЕ И РАДИОЭЛЕКТРОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2587-9936</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52908</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ (5.6.6)</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (5.6.6)</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ (5.6.6)</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Discovery and some scientific research of cathode rays</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Открытие и некоторые научные исследования катодных лучей</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Пестриков</surname>
       <given-names>Виктор Михайлович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Pestrikov</surname>
       <given-names>Viktor Mihaylovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>pvm205@yandex.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный институт кино и телевидения</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Institute of Film and Television</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-06-25T21:43:07+03:00">
    <day>25</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2020</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-06-25T21:43:07+03:00">
    <day>25</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2020</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>3</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>190</fpage>
   <lpage>226</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-06-20T20:22:29+03:00">
     <day>20</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2020</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rusjbpc.ru/en/nauka/article/52908/view">https://rusjbpc.ru/en/nauka/article/52908/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Феномен разряда электричества через разреженные газы изучался с конца XVII века. Во второй половине XIX века разряд электричества через разряженный газ стал темой интенсивных исследовательских экспериментов, прежде всего в Германии. Разрядные трубки и насосы, изобретенные И. Гейсллером в 1850-х гг, и индукционная катушка, усовершенствованная Г. Румкорфом примерно в то же время, позволили многим физикам экспериментировать с катодными лучами. Отличительной чертой этих исследований было использование газоразрядных трубок с холодным катодом.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The phenomenon of the discharge of electricity through rarefied gases has been studied since the end of the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century, the discharge of electricity through gas became the subject of intensive research experiments, primarily in Germany. Discharge tubes and pumps, invented by I. Geissler in the 1850s, and an induction coil, improved by H. Ruhmkorff at about the same time, allowed many physicists to experiment with cathode rays. A distinctive feature of these studies was the use of cold cathode gas discharge tubes.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>катодные лучи</kwd>
    <kwd>трубка Гейсслера</kwd>
    <kwd>спектр тела</kwd>
    <kwd>трубка Гитторфа</kwd>
    <kwd>каналовые лучи</kwd>
    <kwd>исследования Варли</kwd>
    <kwd>эксперименты Крукса</kwd>
    <kwd>кометы Гольдштейна</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>cathode rays</kwd>
    <kwd>Geissler tube</kwd>
    <kwd>body spectrum</kwd>
    <kwd>Hittorf tube</kwd>
    <kwd>channel rays</kwd>
    <kwd>Varley's research</kwd>
    <kwd>Crookes' experiments</kwd>
    <kwd>Goldstein's comet</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Watson W. An account of the phenomena of electricity in vacuo with some observations thereupon // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1751-1752. Vol. 47. P. 362-376.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Watson W. An account of the phenomena of electricity in vacuo with some observations thereupon // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1751-1752. Vol. 47. P. 362-376.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Faraday Michael. VIII Experimental researches in electricity. Thirteenth series // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1838. Vol. 128. P. 125-168.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Faraday Michael. VIII Experimental researches in electricity. Thirteenth series // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1838. Vol. 128. P. 125-168.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Gassiot John P. XIII. On some Experiments made with Ruhmkorff's Induction Coil // Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1854. Vol. VII. Fourth Series, January-June. P. 97-99.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Gassiot John P. XIII. On some Experiments made with Ruhmkorff's Induction Coil // Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1854. Vol. VII. Fourth Series, January-June. P. 97-99.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Лакур П., Аппель Я. Историческая физика. Т. II. Одесса. Mathesis. 1908. С. 375.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Lakur P., Appel' Ya. Istoricheskaya fizika. T. II. Odessa. Mathesis. 1908. S. 375.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Grove W. R. On the Electro-Chemical Polarity of Gases // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1852. Vol. 142. P. 87-101.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Grove W. R. On the Electro-Chemical Polarity of Gases // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1852. Vol. 142. P. 87-101.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Gassiot John P. On the Stratification and Dark Band in Electrical Discharges as Observed in the Torricellian Vacua // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1858. Vol. 148. P. 1-16.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Gassiot John P. On the Stratification and Dark Band in Electrical Discharges as Observed in the Torricellian Vacua // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1858. Vol. 148. P. 1-16.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Plücker M. Fortgesetzte Beobachtungen über die elektrische Entladung // Annalen der Physik und Chemie. January 1, 1858. Band 105. S. 67-84.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Plücker M. Fortgesetzte Beobachtungen über die elektrische Entladung // Annalen der Physik und Chemie. January 1, 1858. Band 105. S. 67-84.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Gassiot John P. On the Stratification in Electrical Discharges Observed in Torricellian and Other Vacua. Second Communication // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1859. Vol. 149. P.137-160.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Gassiot John P. On the Stratification in Electrical Discharges Observed in Torricellian and Other Vacua. Second Communication // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1859. Vol. 149. P.137-160.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Gassiot John P. IV. Experimental Investigations on the Stratified Appearance in Electrical Discharges. Effect obtained by varying the Resistance // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 1863. Vol. 12. P. 329-340.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Gassiot John P. IV. Experimental Investigations on the Stratified Appearance in Electrical Discharges. Effect obtained by varying the Resistance // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 1863. Vol. 12. P. 329-340.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Mayer W. H. T. Über das geschichtete elektrische Licht. Berlin. 1858. 29 S.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Mayer W. H. T. Über das geschichtete elektrische Licht. Berlin. 1858. 29 S.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Graetz L. Die Elektrizität und ihre Anwendungen. Verlag Engelhorn Stuttgart. 1910. 690 S.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Graetz L. Die Elektrizität und ihre Anwendungen. Verlag Engelhorn Stuttgart. 1910. 690 S.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Plücker M. Fortgesetzte Beobachtungen über die elektrische Entladung in gasverdünnten Räumen //Annalen der Physik und Chemie. January 1, 1859. Band 107. S. 77-113.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Plücker M. Fortgesetzte Beobachtungen über die elektrische Entladung in gasverdünnten Räumen //Annalen der Physik und Chemie. January 1, 1859. Band 107. S. 77-113.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Julius Plücker. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. URL: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Plucker (22.04.2020).
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Julius Plücker. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. URL: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Plucker (22.04.2020).
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Hedenus Michael. Der Komet in der Entladungsröhre : Eugen Goldstein, Wilhelm Foerster und die Elektrizität im Weltraum. Diepholz : GNT-Vlg, 2007. 246 P.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Hedenus Michael. Der Komet in der Entladungsröhre : Eugen Goldstein, Wilhelm Foerster und die Elektrizität im Weltraum. Diepholz : GNT-Vlg, 2007. 246 P.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Meinel Christoph. Rühmkorff, Röntgen, Regensburg : Historische Experimente zur Gasentladung. Regensburg : Lehrstuhl für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 1997. S. 35.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Meinel Christoph. Rühmkorff, Röntgen, Regensburg : Historische Experimente zur Gasentladung. Regensburg : Lehrstuhl für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 1997. S. 35.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Hittorf W. I. Über die Elektrizitätsleitung der Gase. Erste Mitteilung // Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1869. Band 136. No. 1. S. 1-31. No. 2. S. 197-234.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Hittorf W. I. Über die Elektrizitätsleitung der Gase. Erste Mitteilung // Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1869. Band 136. No. 1. S. 1-31. No. 2. S. 197-234.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Hittorf W. Über die Elektrizitätsleitung der Gase // Annalen der Physik. 1884. Band 257. Heft 1. S. 90-139.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Hittorf W. Über die Elektrizitätsleitung der Gase // Annalen der Physik. 1884. Band 257. Heft 1. S. 90-139.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Is Static A Solar Message? Pupin Puts Question to Learned Society // Radio world. January 15, 1927. Vol. 10. No. 17. P. 8.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Is Static A Solar Message? Pupin Puts Question to Learned Society // Radio world. January 15, 1927. Vol. 10. No. 17. P. 8.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Michael Hedenus. Der Komet in der Entladungsröhre : Eugen Goldstein, Wilhelm Foerster und die Elektrizität im Weltraum. Diepholz : GNT-Vlg, 2007. P. 23.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Michael Hedenus. Der Komet in der Entladungsröhre : Eugen Goldstein, Wilhelm Foerster und die Elektrizität im Weltraum. Diepholz : GNT-Vlg, 2007. P. 23.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Wüllner A. Ueber die Spectra einiger Gase bei hohem Drucke // Annalen der Physic und Chemie. 1869. Band 137. Heft 7. S. 337-361.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Wüllner A. Ueber die Spectra einiger Gase bei hohem Drucke // Annalen der Physic und Chemie. 1869. Band 137. Heft 7. S. 337-361.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Goldstein E. “Über Beobachtungen an Gasspektris“ in Berlin Akademie Monatsberichte. 1874. S. 593-610.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Goldstein E. “Über Beobachtungen an Gasspektris“ in Berlin Akademie Monatsberichte. 1874. S. 593-610.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Goldstein E. Beobachtungen an Gasspectri // Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1875. Band 154. Heft 1. S. 128-149.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Goldstein E. Beobachtungen an Gasspectri // Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1875. Band 154. Heft 1. S. 128-149.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Goldstein E. “Vorläufige Mittheilungen über electrishe Entladungen Verdünnten Gasen“ in Berlin Akademie Monatsberichte. 1876. S. 279.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Goldstein E. “Vorläufige Mittheilungen über electrishe Entladungen Verdünnten Gasen“ in Berlin Akademie Monatsberichte. 1876. S. 279.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Goldstein E. Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathode inducirter Entladungen // Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1898. Band 300. Heft 1. S. 38-48.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Goldstein E. Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathode inducirter Entladungen // Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1898. Band 300. Heft 1. S. 38-48.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Goldstein E. “Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathodeinducirter Entladungen“ in Berlin. Akd. Monatsber, II, 1886. 691 S.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Goldstein E. “Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathodeinducirter Entladungen“ in Berlin. Akd. Monatsber, II, 1886. 691 S.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Эйхенвальдъ А. А. Электричество (курс лекций). Третье издание. М. : Типолитогрфия т-ва И. Н. Кушнеревъ и Ко, 1918. С. 545.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Eyhenval'd' A. A. Elektrichestvo (kurs lekciy). Tret'e izdanie. M. : Tipolitogrfiya t-va I. N. Kushnerev' i Ko, 1918. S. 545.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Терлецкий Е. Популяризатор с евреями в машине времени. Тель-Авив : Э.РА, 2018. C. 630.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Terleckiy E. Populyarizator s evreyami v mashine vremeni. Tel'-Aviv : E.RA, 2018. C. 630.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Varley C. F. Some Experiments on the Discharge of Electricity through Rarefied Media and the Atmosphere // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 1871. Vol. 19. P. 236-242.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Varley C. F. Some Experiments on the Discharge of Electricity through Rarefied Media and the Atmosphere // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 1871. Vol. 19. P. 236-242.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Noakes Richard. Cromwell Varley FRS, Electrical Discharge and Victorian Spiritualism // Notes &amp; Records of the Royal Society. 2007. Vol. 61. P. 5-21.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Noakes Richard. Cromwell Varley FRS, Electrical Discharge and Victorian Spiritualism // Notes &amp; Records of the Royal Society. 2007. Vol. 61. P. 5-21.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Crookes W. The Bakerian lecture : On the illumination of molecular pressure, and the trajectory of molecules // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1879. Vol. 170. P. 135-164.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Crookes W. The Bakerian lecture : On the illumination of molecular pressure, and the trajectory of molecules // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1879. Vol. 170. P. 135-164.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B31">
    <label>31.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Thomson J. J. Mechanical effects produced by the rays. Conduction of Electricity Through Gases. Cambridge University Press, 1903. P. 501-502.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Thomson J. J. Mechanical effects produced by the rays. Conduction of Electricity Through Gases. Cambridge University Press, 1903. P. 501-502.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B32">
    <label>32.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Humphrey T. E., Calisa Vaishnavi. A Century-Old Question: Does a Crookes Paddle Wheel Cathode Ray Tube Demonstrate that Electrons Carry Momentum? // The Physics Teacher. March 2014. Vol. 52. P.142-145.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Humphrey T. E., Calisa Vaishnavi. A Century-Old Question: Does a Crookes Paddle Wheel Cathode Ray Tube Demonstrate that Electrons Carry Momentum? // The Physics Teacher. March 2014. Vol. 52. P.142-145.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B33">
    <label>33.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Crookes O. M. Researches in the Phenomena of Spiritualism. London : J. Burns, 15, Southampton Row, Holborn, 1874. 141 P.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Crookes O. M. Researches in the Phenomena of Spiritualism. London : J. Burns, 15, Southampton Row, Holborn, 1874. 141 P.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B34">
    <label>34.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Brock William H. William Crookes (1832-1919) and the Commercialization of Science. Aldershot, UK : Ashgate, 2008. 556 P.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Brock William H. William Crookes (1832-1919) and the Commercialization of Science. Aldershot, UK : Ashgate, 2008. 556 P.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B35">
    <label>35.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Hedenus M. Eugen Goldstein and his laboratory work at Berlin Observatory // Astron. 2002. Vol. 323, No. 6. P. 567-569.
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Hedenus M. Eugen Goldstein and his laboratory work at Berlin Observatory // Astron. 2002. Vol. 323, No. 6. P. 567-569.
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
