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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biological Physics and Chemisrty</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biological Physics and Chemisrty</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ФИЗИКИ И ХИМИИ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2499-9962</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">54141</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Общая биофизика</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>General biophysics</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Общая биофизика</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Biophysics of open systems: experimental evulutional machines</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Биофизика открытых систем: экспериментальные эволюционные машины</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Брильков</surname>
       <given-names>А В</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Brilkov</surname>
       <given-names>A V</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>abrilkov@sfu-kras.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Брилькова</surname>
       <given-names>Е В</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Brilkova</surname>
       <given-names>E V</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>evmorbril@mail.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Логинов</surname>
       <given-names>Ю Ю</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Loginov</surname>
       <given-names>Yu Yu</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>loginov@sibsau.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский федеральный университет</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Siberian Federal University</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биофизики СО РАН</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biophysics Siberian Branch of RAS</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный университет науки и технологий им. акад. М.Ф. Решетнева</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-06-25T20:22:29+03:00">
    <day>25</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2017</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-06-25T20:22:29+03:00">
    <day>25</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2017</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>2</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>163</fpage>
   <lpage>167</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-06-20T20:22:29+03:00">
     <day>20</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2017</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2017-06-20T20:22:29+03:00">
     <day>20</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2017</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rusjbpc.ru/en/nauka/article/54141/view">https://rusjbpc.ru/en/nauka/article/54141/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Статья представляет собой краткий обзор современного состояния проблемы термодинамических критериев эволюции открытых биологических систем. Рассмотрены эксперименты по экспериментальной эволюции (микроэволюции) популяций микроорганизмов в непрерывных культурах. С точки зрения термодинамики, непрерывные культуры микроорганизмов - это открытые термодинамические системы, способные находиться в устойчивых стационарных состояниях. В соответствии с классификацией М. Эйгена, хемостат соответствует случаю постоянных потоков (постоянная скорость разбавления), в то время как турбидостат - случаю постоянной организации (постоянная плотность популяции микроорганизмов). Как следует из общих принципов неравновесной термодинамики (принцип Онзагера, теорема Пригожина) открытые системы обоих типов в стационарном состоянии должны эволюционировать в направлении снижения скорости производства энтропии. Однако, результаты экспериментов по эволюции микроорганизмов в хемостате и турбидостате противоречат этому. Показано, что в процессе экспериментальной эволюции генетически модифицированных микроорганизмов (ГМО) в открытых системах обоих типов при лимитировании развития энергетическим субстратом скорость производства энтропии должна возрастать, а не уменьшаться, как следует из основных положений неравновесной термодинамики. Результаты экспериментов свидетельствуют о необходимости дальнейшего развития термодинамической теории открытых биологических систем, дальнейшего изучения общих закономерностей биологического развития.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The article is a brief review of the modern state of problem of thermodynamics criteria of evolution of biological open system. Experiments are considered on the experimental evolution (microevolution) of populations of microorganisms in continuous cultures. From the point of view of thermodynamics, continuous cultures of microorganisms are thermodynamics open system, able to be in the stable stationary states. In accordance with classification of M. Eigen, the chemostat corresponds to the case of constant flows (constant dilution rate), while the turbidostat - to the case of constant organization (constant density of population of microorganisms). As follows from general principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics (principle of Onsager, theorem of Prigogine) open systems of both types in a steady-state must evolve in the direction of decline of entropy production rate. However, results of experiments on the evolution of microorganisms in the chemostat and in the turbidostat conflict with it. It is shown that in the process of experimental evolution of genetically modified microorganisms (ГМО) in open systems of both types at limiting of development of population by substrate the entropy production rate must increase, but not decrease, as follows from the basic principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The results of experiments testify to the necessity of further development of thermodynamics theory of biological open systems, further study of general regularities of biological development.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>неравновесная термодинамика</kwd>
    <kwd>открытые системы</kwd>
    <kwd>эволюция стационарных состояний</kwd>
    <kwd>непрерывные культуры микроорганизмов</kwd>
    <kwd>турбидостат и хемостат</kwd>
    <kwd>закономерности микроэволюции</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Non-equilibrium thermodynamics</kwd>
    <kwd>open system</kwd>
    <kwd>evolution of steady-states</kwd>
    <kwd>continuous cultures of microorganisms</kwd>
    <kwd>turbidostat and chemostat</kwd>
    <kwd>principles of microevolution</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
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