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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biological Physics and Chemisrty</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biological Physics and Chemisrty</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ФИЗИКИ И ХИМИИ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2499-9962</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">54613</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ БИОФИЗИКА И БИОФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ ХИМИЯ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>MEDICAL BIOPHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ БИОФИЗИКА И БИОФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ ХИМИЯ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Extracellular vesicles as carriers of cholesterol not associated with lipoproteins</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Внеклеточные везикулы как носители холестерина не связанного с липопротеинами</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ланда</surname>
       <given-names>С Б</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Landa</surname>
       <given-names>S B</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>sergey.landa@gmail.com</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Верлов</surname>
       <given-names>Н А</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Verlolv</surname>
       <given-names>N A</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Филатов</surname>
       <given-names>М В</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Filatov</surname>
       <given-names>M V</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Бурдаков</surname>
       <given-names>В С</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Burdakov</surname>
       <given-names>V S</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Эмануэль</surname>
       <given-names>В Л</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Emmanuel</surname>
       <given-names>V L</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Петербургский институт ядерной физики им Б.П. Константинова НИЦ «Курчатовский Институт»; ПСПБГМУ им И.П. Павлова</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute»; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Петербургский институт ядерной физики им Б.П. Константинова НИЦ «Курчатовский Институт»</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute»</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Петербургский институт ядерной физики им Б.П. Константинова НИЦ «Курчатовский Институт»</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute»</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Петербургский институт ядерной физики им Б.П. Константинова НИЦ «Курчатовский Институт»</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute»</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">ПСПБГМУ им И.П. Павлова</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-03-25T20:22:29+03:00">
    <day>25</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2021</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-03-25T20:22:29+03:00">
    <day>25</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2021</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>6</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>124</fpage>
   <lpage>132</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-03-20T20:22:29+03:00">
     <day>20</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-03-20T20:22:29+03:00">
     <day>20</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rusjbpc.ru/en/nauka/article/54613/view">https://rusjbpc.ru/en/nauka/article/54613/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Внеклеточные везикулы (ВВ) - Микрочастицы размером от десятка нанометров до микрона, обнаруживаются практически во всех биологических жидкостях. К микрочастицам относятся внеклеточные везикулы (ВВ) - частицы размером менее 120 нм, микровезикулы - частицы от 100 до 250 нм и апоптотические тела - частицы крупнее 200 нм. Значительный интерес представляют ВВ, включающие в себя экзосомы и экзомеры, поскольку являются биологическими маркерами состояния клеток, что может быть использовано для диагностики, выполняют регуляторные функции и могут участвовать в межклеточной сигнализации. Номенклатура экзосом остается недостаточно разработанной. Большинство исследователей пытаются классифицировать их, основываясь на способе образования, физико-химических характеристиках (размеру, плотности и т.п.) и наличию тетраспориновых маркеров CD9, CD63 и CD81. Хотя нами еще 2010 году с помощью метода динамического светорассеяния, было показано, что гистограмма распределения экзосом по размерам (PSD) бимодальна: ВВ делятся на две фракции, имеющие средние размеры порядка 25 и 90 нм, только в 2018 г. методом фракционирования в силовом поле ( asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation - a4f) было выявлено два подтипа экзосом, а также частицы, с размером менее 50 нм, которым дали название «экзомеры», отличаются от экзосом по белковому и липидному составу. Однако, до настоящего времени продолжаются споры продуцируются ли экзомеры клетками, или являются продуктом клеточной гибели. Данные изложенные в настоящей работе показывают, что экзомеры хотя и несут биомаркеры, характерные для ВВ, сильно отличаются от экзосом по липидному составу, особенно по содержанию холестерина. Продуцирование экзомеров клетками, как в культуре, так и in vitro , связано с синтезом холестерина в клетках и экспрессируется или супрессируется регуляторами синтеза мевалоната - промежуточного продукта метаболизма холестерина. Кроме того, в работе показано, что концентрация ВВ в организме коррелирует с концентрацией холестерина в плазме, но слабо коррелирует концентрацией холестерина в липопротеинах. Это свидетельствует, о том, что не весь холестерин в плазме связан с липопротеинами, как считалось до настоящего момента. Таким образом, экзомеры не являются продуктом клеточной гибели и играют существенную роль в транспорте холестерина в плазме крови.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are microparticles, ranging in size from tens of nanometers to microns, found in almost all biological fluids. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include exosomes and exomeres (particles less than 120 nm in size), microvesicles (from 100 to 250 nm), and apoptotic bodies - particles larger than 200 nm. Exosomes and exomeres are of considerable interest since they are biological markers of the state of cells, which can be used for diagnostics, regulatory functions, and can be involved in intercellular signaling. The nomenclature of exosomes remains poorly developed. Most researchers try to classify them based on the mode of formation, physicochemical characteristics (size, density, etc.), and the presence of tetrasporin markers CD9, CD63, and CD81. It was shown in 2010 using the dynamic light scattering method that the histogram of the size distribution of exosomes (PSD) is bimodal: EVs are divided into two fractions with average sizes of about 25 and 90 nm. Despite this fact, only in 2018 by the method of fractionation in a force field ( asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation - a4f ) two subtypes of exosomes were identified, as well as particles which were called &quot;exomeres&quot;, with a size less than 50 nm, differ from exosomes in protein and lipid composition. However, to date, the debate continues whether exomeres are produced by cells, or are the product of cell death. The data presented in this work show that although exomeres carry biomarkers characteristic of EVs, they differ from exosomes strongly in lipid composition, especially in cholesterol content. The production of exomeres by cells, both in culture and in vitro, is associated with the synthesis of cholesterol in cells and is expressed or suppressed by regulators of the synthesis of mevalonate, an intermediate product of cholesterol metabolism. In addition, the work shows that the concentration of explosives in the body correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in the plasma, but weakly correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in lipoproteins. This suggests that not all plasma cholesterol is associated with lipoproteins, as previously thought. Thus, exomeres are not a product of cell death and play an essential role in the transport of cholesterol in blood plasma.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Внеклеточные везикулы</kwd>
    <kwd>экзосомы</kwd>
    <kwd>экзомеры</kwd>
    <kwd>тетраспорины</kwd>
    <kwd>холестерин</kwd>
    <kwd>липопротеины</kwd>
    <kwd>метод динамического светорассеяния</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Extracellular vesicles</kwd>
    <kwd>exosomes</kwd>
    <kwd>exomers</kwd>
    <kwd>tetrasporins</kwd>
    <kwd>cholesterol</kwd>
    <kwd>lipoproteins</kwd>
    <kwd>dynamic light scattering method</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и БРФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20-54-00011.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
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